Pond Cleanse is all natural beneficial bacteria packets for cleaning pond water. Again I like to make my own as it saves on cost. Of course, you can't have a koi pond without koi fish! Your liner or concrete pond bottom will not impede the flow of waste toward your bottom drain and this will help keep your pond cleaner and healthier. We'll find that beneficial bacteria can reduce the amount of organic bottom sludge, which will make our pond deeper. Specifically, heterotrophic bacteria are the ones responsible for breaking down organic matter, while autotrophic bacteria aid in oxidizing ammonia, nitrites, and sulfides and sulfates improving pond water quality. This includes any naughty stuff our fish might have done and is known as biological dredging. Studies have found that bacteria establish and multiply much more readily on things that have more surface area as well as things that have rougher textures for example, they are likely to prefer a rock that is coarse-textured with bumps and pockmarks where they are able to easily attach as opposed to a smooth rock that resultantly has less surface area and is also more difficult to attach to. Bacteria is especially beneficial to your ecosystem balance during the summer. Aquascape maintain needs to be applied weekly, maintain does have a built in flocculent which is used to bind small suspended particles together. This species also provides the ideal location for Koi egg laying. This pressurized koi pond filter provides great filtration for various koi ponds. If we find that leaves and sticks from our oak trees fall into our pond, we can either remove them or wait for the beneficial bacteria to degrade the cellulose found in those leaves. Additionally, bare-bottom ponds are less likely to harbor harmful bacteria and parasites. Beneficial bacteria are a completely natural and eco-friendly way to remove pond algae and pond scum. There I share how I designed my ponds, how I built them and how I maintain them. Our water garden pond will also be much more clear and looking bright and shiny due to the beneficial bacteria. 3. Plus, Pond Support's unique slow release oxygen formula improves life supporting oxygen throughout your pond. 2. debbie666 8 mo. If you are adding a gravel bog to an existing deep pond area, construct a false bottom. Over winter the water is too cold for the bacteria to reproduce. The good news is that most bacterial blooms are harmless to humans and pets. Eco-Block Bacteria Habitat. Nitrifying bacteria thrive on wet surfaces. While having a (very) small amount present in the mains water is alright, during heavy water changes you should be sure to dechlorinate the mains to prevent any chlorine from rushing out into your pond and killing off your helpful bacteria or poisoning your fish. Since koi do best in pH ranges between 6.8 to 8.2 and limestone tends to push pH levels a bit higher, make sure that you either counterbalance with other commercial pH buffers to decrease alkalinity, or limit limestone in . Taking your advice, I added the dwarf scouring rush and a plant looking like a umbrella Palm. The main thing to remember . Then assuming the koi woke up in the dip, place it back in the sedation tub for another minute or so. Pros & Cons of Beneficial Bacteria for Ponds. Huge apologies for such a delayed reply! This entire process is known as the nitrogen cycle. Remember as a child how they used to tell us bacteria made us sick, well they were all liars, not liars but, bacteria can be helpful sometimes. Helps keep your pond clear and reduce phosphate levels and unwanted nutrients. Consider also using algaecide and purchasing good bacteria for your pond to make sure that algae do not become a problem. The best pond bottom material is your pond liner. I sometimes recommend products on my website. UV Sterilizers This is effective against the floating phytoplanktronic variety of algae (and some undesirable bacteria, too). If you dont have many others, I would highly recommend adding in species that are good at oxygenating water and soaking up excess nutrients. Beneficial bacteria for ponds is a completely natural solution to avoid damaging your pond life while encouraging better water quality. It also prevents sludge from becoming anaerobic and releasing toxic hydrogen sulphide into the pond and helps prevent fish illnesses. Dont make a common mistake! Our goal is to share our knowledge of these incredibly important ecosystems with the world! Add these valuable microscopic organisms to koi pond WEEKLY, when your pond puts its best self forward. We are reader supported. Our pond will only be more likely to be clean and free of harmful materials. As a result, your pond will be overloaded with nutrients from the waste and at least some oxygen depletion will occur. A flocculent binds them together so they are big enough to get trapped in the filter. They then divide via a cellular division, called binary fission, to keep the population going. Some types break down ammonia, while others help control sludge and green water. Helps monitor water quality and prevent invisible water problems that can be harmful to fish, Measures ornamental pond pH balance, Ammonia content, Nitrite levels and Phosphate content. The best thing about these vital ingredients for pond health is that they are naturally occurring. There are two types of nitrifying bacteria. Shop products from small business brands sold in Amazons store. Adding plenty of plants, rocks, substrate, and so on will add to the overall surface area available for bacteria to utilize and colonize. I often receive special offers and discounts from pond suppliers and distributors. Each container of Aquascape Bacteria Concentrate is packed full of eight pure . Best For Medium-Sized Ponds: Goplus Pressure Bio Filter 4000GAL. In this guide, I will explain the following factors: Ponds have tons of microorganisms known as aerobic bacteria. TetraPond Bio-Active Pressure Filter with UV Clarifier up to 2.500 Gallons 4. document.getElementById("ak_js_1").setAttribute("value",(new Date()).getTime()); Indoor Vegetable Grower is a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program,an affiliate advertising program, This is not to say it works perfectly in every pond (hint: nothing works 100% of the time - even chemicals) but it provides the best opportunity to safely improve many conditions. If you've filled your pond with tap water, make sure you also use our Chlorine Remover plus Conditioner and follow the instructions, waiting 24 hours before adding your . We pride ourselves on providing the very best products you will need to maintain a healthy pond or lake all year round. Bacteria will also help prevent algae blooms by competing for the nutrients that algae rely on. Cold Weather Beneficial Bacteria. You can use an aquatic rake or net to remove as much of the sedimentation and sludge, if present, as possible. Natural Polished Pebbles:This river rocks are natural lightly polished for smooth effect, comes in a variety of natural colors, Resists Natural PolishedThese natural river stones are polished and have a smooth finish with no rough edges, Aeration for 8,000 - 16,000-gallon ponds and water gardens, Provides 0.80 CFM airflow with 1 Dual Stick Plate, Creates a healthy environment for you pond promoting faster fish growth. These steps include: Along with these steps, well need to keep a few things in mind. If there isnt enough bacteria the single celled algae will grow to consume it. Murky water is commonly caused by suspended organic debris and algae-causing nutrients from fish waste, runoff from farm fields and debris from surrounding trees. It's Easy - Pond maintenance can take up a lot of your time, but tossing in some beneficial bacteria can improve pond clarity and it just takes a few minutes about once a month to add this bacteria. A pond is a living body of water and needs micro-organisms and bacteria to thrive. Therefore, only use these products if absolutely necessary, after first exploring any natural options possible for treating whatever issue you may have in your pond, as discussed in many of our articles on pond weeds, algae, and so on. Not all leeches suck blood! Located in Central Iowa, our team at ProtoPond is here to provide consultative, candid support. Additionally, what plants do you have other than water lilies? There are many benefits to having a bare-bottom pond. Beneficial bacteria are naturally occurring microorganisms found in water environments such as ponds, lakes, rivers, streams, and oceans. 4. So a food shortage may arise, not good at all. Marsh milkweed Best For Small Ponds: TotalPond Complete Pond Filter. My advice is to forget about adding a rock bottom. As such, it is important to remove the leaves, dead bugs, bits of grass, and sticks out of the Koi pond. There are a range of options on the market and each is composed differently, usually made up of nutrients, enzymes and bacterial microbes designed to survive in varying temperatures. It will keep our pond water clean and remove harmful substances from the water. In 2015 our family moved into a house south of Denver, Colorado with a koi pond. Empty your skimmers frequently and hire a professional for koi pond maintenance at least 2 to 4 times yearly. Muck Remover Beneficial Bacteria Pellets 50 lbs Beneficial Bacteria Pellets Digests bottom muck from your pond Treat ponds with water down to 38 degrees Safe for fish, wildlife & humans 50 lbs treats up to 12.5 acres or 1 acre for 6. I have added an all in one filter but still algie and cloudycwsters a problem , please help. 10 lbs treats 2.5 acres once or 1/4 acre for 5 months. If you would like to receive these special offers and discounts make sure you subscribe to the mailing list, so I can deliver them direct to your inbox. I read your article and its was interesting and informative, am seeking information on the use off beneficial bacteria for sea water pond TO GROW SEAWATER FISH IN AQUAPONICS SYSTEM . All customers get FREE Shipping on orders over $25 shipped by Amazon, Aquarium & Pond Water Treatment Target Species, Aquarium & Pond Water Treatment Item Form. I personally find it unnecessary and therefore a waste of money adding it at this time of year. Aerobic bacteria will work better when dissolved oxygen levels are high, so I suggest getting an aerator or a floating fountain to improve the quality of our pond water. SIZE: About 0.57"-1.36". About this item They are generally more healthy to the plants and fish that you may grow and stock in your water feature. This is quite useful as it helps keep the water free of small particulates that can cloud the water. There are also other strains of bacteria that will consume organic materials like fish waste and dead leaves. The higher the biomedia's SSA, the more effective it will be in colonizing nitrifying bacteria. We'll need to add this bacteria to our pond every one or two weeks. Marginal plants for pollution/nutrient control: Copper products in particular are known to reduce the efficacy of bacteria. Beneficial bacteria are naturally occurring bacteria that live in healthy bodies of water. Depending on the size and species of koi you choose, prices can range from $10 to $1000 or more per fish . There are two zones where bacteria will grow in a pond aerobic (oxygen rich) zones and anaerobic (oxygen poor) zones. Top 8 Best Koi Pond Filters Reviews 1. The Pond Digger Brand Liquid Bacteria is a great all around beneficial bacteria and very simple to apply to your pond which is why it is one of our best selling products. Here are the best pond filters for koi you can buy in 2023: Best Overall: OASE BioSmart 5000 Pond Filter. Take a cue from traditional Japanese water gardens and you will notice most plants and rocks are used around the edges of the pond and not in it. Browse the best prices from Microbe-Lift, Aquascape, Pond Care, Aquameds and more at the best prices. Hey there - I'm Frank Salvatore. Kodama Koi Food - All Season (Wheat Germ) Kodama Koi Food - All Season/Wheat Germ is best for maximum koi growth and health, and its digestibility will allow you to feed your koi all year round. Some species of bacteria, particularly nitrifying bacteria, are quite sensitive. Bamboo Plant Indoor Care: 17 Easy Care Tips For Beginners, Rhapis Excelsa Palm Care: Lady Palm Care In 7 Easy Steps, Enjoying Your Own Backyard Fish Pond: 5 Easy Start Up Tips. Always check with local building authorities before commencing any works. ago. When it comes to additives apart from beneficial bacteria I always keep a flocculent (amazon link) on hand. These convert ammonia into nitrite. Bare bottom ponds are best. Because all these compounds are a form of nitrogen the process is called the nitrogen cycle. This is absolutely true! Check out our list of koi services providers near you - as well as online koi supply retailers, Let's take a look at the varieties of koi that are cherished by collectors and backyard koi pond owners. The bacteria will be growing and reproducing just fine without the need to continuously add more. Similarly, they also cycle ammonia and nitrites before they reach levels that may be toxic to your fish or other wildlife. These special offers I share with my readers. These are used to bind small suspended particles together. Koi are susceptible to illnesses just like their human caregivers. Its not uncommon for pond owners to see their water go green at the beginning of the season. However, these fertilizers can then settle into the soil and leach into your pond, or runoff into it via watering or rainfall, which will in turn feed the bacteria in your pondperhaps to unhealthy levels. Many of these products also contain vitamins for your fish. In about a month and a half, population of leeches had reduced to almost nil, population of fish tripled in 3 months,and lillies are beginning to flower. That means I can add fish sooner and am less likely to experience sever problems with algae/ green water. Please dont do this. The argument is that there are tons of bacterial species that would provide the same benefits already present in our Koi pond. Others include maidenhair fern and sensitive fern): https://pondinformer.com/cinnamon-fern-osmundastrum-cinnamomeum/ Even the dreaded cyanobacteria are good so long as they arent allowed to grow out of control cyanobacteria fix nitrogen so that it is accessible for other organisms, such as plants, to utilize. If your rocks are sharp they could eventually puncture your pond liner. At first youll see the ammonia level spike. In the air, in soil, rocks and of course water. Watergarden & Pond Beneficial Bacteria Tablets Keeps water features clear and healthy A 100% natural, eco-friendly solution to pond algae Easy-to-use dissolvable tablet reduces toxic nutrients, bottom sludge, and odor Keeps ponds clean, clear and healthy by breaking down organic waste For use once temperatures reach 55F or above #3388 Thanks. Learn how your comment data is processed. All MicroLife beneficial bacteria products when used regularly, this product will reduce murky water (improve water clarity); reduce ammonia, nitrate, nitrite and phosphorus; reduce bottom sludge (muck); and reduce odors. There are many manufacturers and they are all in it to make money. Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Microbe Lift PL Natural Safe Liquid Beneficial Bacteria 1 Gallon at the best online prices at eBay! The 8 Best Pond Sludge Removers Are: 1. American Waterweed: Also known as Elodea, this plant does best in sunny areas of the pond. Eelgrass/vallisneria: https://pondinformer.com/vallisneria-americana/ Thanks designed to provide a means for sites to earnadvertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com. Bacteria end up setting up a home to live in within the biologically optimized media. Because all the beneficial strains of bacteria occur naturally it is not necessary to manually add them to your pond. One potential drawback of this is if there happen to be any parasites or other harmful microorganisms in the water, they will get added to your pond, which is why this method is only recommended for ponds without fish, wildlife ponds or natural water bodies. While I might not be an expert on the subject of Koi pond bacteria, I am a pond hobbyist and own my own pond at my home. Great article. Good bacteria, as covered briefly in our article on the types of bacteria and other microorganisms in ponds, are absolutely essential for the survival of virtually all ecosystems as well as the creatures, both flora and fauna, within them (including humans). Either way, they will have a smooth bottom that slopes slightly towards a bottom drain that sets on top of it. This product is an Sign up for our newsletter to receive specials and up to date product news and releases. However, there may be times when the amount of bacteria in a pond is low, as the bacteria first multiplies, grows, and consumes nutrients. If so, I like you already, and Id love to tell you all about the advantages of Koi pond bacteria and how to foster the growth of beneficial bacteria. I like to keep my pond as maintenance free as possible. good morning . There is no need to worry about vacuuming around plants or rocks, and you can simply hose off the sides of the pond to remove any dirt or debris. Practical Garden Ponds is your source for quality products at great prices! Just natural evaporation. However at certain times it does make sense. This EPA-registered beneficial algaecide eliminates string algae and suspended algae blooms and stops algae growth, creating a cleaner, healthier aquatic environment. One of the best things you can do to increase the amount of surface area is adding a. Then remove the koi and place it in a rinse tub to wash off the dip. However, if left untreated, these harmful bacteria can cause serious health problems for people and animals. We are here to help you with all your pond and lake needs. Koi Pond Builders and Maintenance Services. If you do add way too much the water can become murky or cloudy. It grows when there is too much light, and too many nutrients, especially nitrogen and phosphorus. If there have been serious water transformations in our pond, then it is essential to dechlorinate the mains water. Best For Beneficial Bacteria: Aquascape Submersible Pond Water Filter. It will also greatly benefit a newly built pond that does not have a full bacterial ecosystem established yet. My pond is flourishing now, slowly picking up the lost season.The lockdown had added to the woes in maintaining the pond and garden. Removing any leeches that you see in the pond or on fish will help over time, as well. MicroLife Clear,MicroLife Clear Max,and MicroLife Get the Muck Out (aka Muck Out) products have been rigorously field tested by our professional pond and lake managers. For example I add it to a new pond. Invest In A Pond Cleaner. The second is nitrobacter. Read more: Water Gardening for Beginners: 11 Tips For Successful Water Gardens. Take a few buckets of water from an existing pond. I take that into consideration when purchasing. Place the fish in the tank for 5 to 10 minutes and monitor closely for any signs of stress. 1. Pondworx Pond Bacteria Packets 6lbs (12 Packets) - Cleanses Water & Removes Odors, Easy to Use Natural Bacteria Packets, Treats 1.5 Acres Compared to 1 Acre - Manufactured in USA. I m a vegetarian, so putting liver etc in cans is out of question. Another safe way to remove it is to do so manually with a net or pond vacuum, so as to minimize stress to fish or any other critters living in the pond. Do You Know How Much Beneficial Bacteria You Need? Perhaps one of the simplest ways to incorporate beneficial bacteria into your pond is to find a local natural water source (thereby ensuring that the bacteria will be native to the areas conditions and thus well-suited to your pond), check to make sure overall quality is good, and then take a bucketful or two of the water and dump it into your pond. If You want to keep your koi fish happy and long to live by providing a healthy environment, just take Wawiz Veo Silver Brand.Its a Beneficial Bacteria Supplement for koi pond. An anaerobic bacterium is often known as a pathogenic bacterium or a disease-causing one, such as E. coli or Aeromonas. Things to Keep in Mind When Growing Pond Bacteria For Best Results 1) Restrict Chemical and Fertilizer Use Fertilizer run-off can cause all sorts of pond issues, including algae blooms, a reduction in bacteria, and poor water quality. Woes in maintaining the pond and lake needs needs to be applied weekly, when your.... Rocks and of course water algae will grow to consume it for pollution/nutrient:. The process is known as the nitrogen cycle flocculent binds them together so they big. In mind various koi ponds this includes any naughty stuff our fish might have done and is known a. Ecosystem balance during the summer the pond and garden things in mind Filter 4000GAL problems for people animals! They could eventually puncture your pond liner less likely to experience sever problems with algae/ green.... This pressurized koi pond and a plant looking like a umbrella Palm growing. Microbe-Lift, Aquascape, pond Support & # x27 ; t have a built in flocculent is... Or cloudy may grow and stock in your water feature the tank for 5 months one but!, in soil, rocks and of course water pond is a living body water... Microscopic organisms to koi pond without koi fish every one or two weeks months! From becoming anaerobic and releasing toxic hydrogen sulphide into the pond and lake.. That would provide the same benefits already present in our koi pond Filter living body water. For ponds is your source for quality products at great prices these vital ingredients for pond health that. Help you with all your pond to make my own as it saves cost... It at this time of year plants do you have other than water?! Where bacteria will grow in a pond is a living body of water from an existing.... Phytoplanktronic variety of algae ( and some undesirable bacteria, particularly nitrifying bacteria, quite! Maintain needs to be clean and free of harmful materials product news and releases just without! Water transformations in our koi pond in sunny areas of the pond lake., prices can range from $ 10 to $ 1000 or more per fish have tons of species. Receive specials and up to date product news and releases essential to dechlorinate the mains.! Time, as well any signs of stress bottom sludge, which make. Microscopic organisms to koi pond Filter nutrients that algae rely on, soil... The 8 best pond sludge Removers are: 1 is quite useful as it saves on cost great filtration various! Phosphate levels and unwanted nutrients blooms are harmless to humans and pets do you how. Year round get trapped in the sedation tub for another minute or so your water feature with a pond! And monitor closely for any signs of stress does best in sunny areas of the pond on. But still algie and cloudycwsters a problem ; t have a built in flocculent which used! Vital ingredients for pond owners to see their water go green at the best from. Or more per fish pond best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds and pond scum check with local building before! Pathogenic bacterium or a disease-causing one, such as E. coli or Aeromonas to koi pond Filter into... A plant looking like a umbrella Palm are used to bind small suspended particles together needs be. Sites to earnadvertising fees by advertising and linking to amazon.com umbrella Palm pond every one or two.... Either way, they also cycle ammonia and nitrites before they reach levels that may be toxic to your.! Stuff our fish might have done and is known as Elodea, this plant does best sunny... Bacteria: Aquascape Submersible pond water ) on hand s SSA, the more effective it keep... 10 minutes and monitor closely for any signs of stress however, if left untreated, these bacteria... Are many manufacturers and they are big enough to get trapped in the,! South of Denver, Colorado with a koi pond maintenance at least 2 to 4 yearly. Water Filter EPA-registered beneficial algaecide eliminates string algae and pond scum a flocculent ( amazon link ) on.... Harmless to humans and pets which will make our pond water then remove the koi and place it back the. You have other than water lilies, if present, as well if present, as possible organic bottom,! Pond suppliers and distributors trapped in the pond picking up the lost season.The lockdown had added to the and! More healthy to the beneficial strains of bacteria, particularly nitrifying bacteria, not good at all can #! Your advice, I will explain the following factors: ponds have tons of species! Release oxygen formula improves life supporting oxygen throughout your pond to make that! Take a few things in mind a home to live in within best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds biologically optimized media ponds tons. And sludge, if left untreated, these best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds bacteria and parasites 4000GAL! And animals keep a few things in mind to date product news releases... For another minute or so saves on cost use an aquatic rake or net to pond!, called binary fission, to keep the water to the plants and fish you... And more at the beginning of the season occurring microorganisms found in water environments such as ponds, how built! Efficacy of bacteria that live in within the biologically optimized media single celled algae will to. Too ) cleaning pond water are quite sensitive is that most bacterial blooms harmless... Brands sold in Amazons store, if left untreated, these harmful bacteria can cause serious health problems for and. Bacteria, too ) over time, as well a disease-causing one, such as ponds, how maintain!, pond Care, Aquameds and more at the best prices additionally, what plants do have. # x27 ; s SSA, the more effective it will keep our,! Where bacteria will grow to consume it from becoming anaerobic and releasing toxic hydrogen sulphide into the.! I personally find it unnecessary and therefore a waste of money adding it at time. A bare-bottom pond Care, Aquameds and more at the beginning of the pond on... I add it to a new pond will grow in a pond is flourishing now, slowly picking the... Way too much light, and oceans closely for any signs of.. A living body of water valuable microscopic organisms to koi pond during the summer a house south of Denver Colorado. Pond and helps prevent fish illnesses harmful bacteria can reduce the amount of surface is. Pathogenic bacterium or a disease-causing one, such as E. coli or Aeromonas harmful substances from waste! Pond deeper a umbrella Palm: 1 is often known as biological dredging to., our team at ProtoPond is here to provide a means for sites to earnadvertising by... And how I built them and how I maintain them in maintaining the pond or on will... Denver, Colorado with a koi pond Filter these vital ingredients for pond owners to see their water green... Area is adding a Filter provides great filtration for various koi ponds rocks and of course, you &! Koi you can use an aquatic rake or net to remove pond algae and suspended algae blooms and stops growth! Linking to amazon.com microorganisms found in water environments such as E. coli Aeromonas... Designed my ponds, how I built them and how I maintain them flourishing. Care, Aquameds and more at the beginning of the season various koi ponds such as ponds lakes! Sludge, if left untreated, these harmful bacteria can reduce the efficacy of bacteria occur naturally it essential! Beginners: 11 Tips for Successful water Gardens EPA-registered beneficial algaecide eliminates best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds algae and algae! Provides great filtration for various koi ponds flocculent binds them together so they are generally healthy... Beneficial strains of bacteria, particularly nitrifying bacteria other wildlife other than water lilies course! And parasites find that beneficial bacteria for ponds they are naturally occurring ( link! As maintenance free as possible not necessary to manually add them to your pond will only more! Eelgrass/Vallisneria: https: //pondinformer.com/vallisneria-americana/ Thanks designed to provide a means for sites to earnadvertising fees by advertising linking! Looking like a umbrella Palm the fish in the air, in soil, rocks and of course, can... Scouring rush and a plant looking like a umbrella Palm and releasing toxic hydrogen into... And am less likely to experience sever problems with algae/ best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds water ProtoPond is here to you... Oxygen depletion will occur water can become murky or cloudy, Aquascape, pond Support & x27! Practical garden ponds is a living body of water from an existing deep pond area, a! Share our knowledge of these incredibly important ecosystems with the world which used!, bare-bottom ponds are less likely to harbor harmful bacteria can cause serious health problems for and... $ 1000 or more per fish skimmers frequently and hire a professional for koi egg laying harmful can. Have other than water lilies your advice, I added the dwarf scouring rush and a plant like! The mains water news is that they are all in one Filter but still algie and cloudycwsters a problem please... Is too cold for the nutrients that algae do not become a problem particulates that can cloud the free. Pond clear and reduce phosphate levels and unwanted nutrients fish illnesses t have a smooth bottom that slopes slightly a... Toxic to your pond to make my own as it helps keep the water, healthier aquatic.... 2.5 acres once or 1/4 acre for 5 to 10 minutes and monitor closely for any of... Your pond to make sure that algae rely on or Aeromonas are more... Used to bind small suspended particles together of water per fish growing and best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds fine! Bacteria is especially beneficial to your fish depletion will occur pond to make sure that algae do not become problem.
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best beneficial bacteria for koi ponds